Wheat ground beetle Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is an important wheat pest in Iran and some regions of the world. This pest causes damage to wheat by feeding on the root, stalk, and leaves. Farmers try to control this pest by the foliar application of different insecticides, but this method causes damage to the environment. To find an effective method to control this pest, the thiamethoxam insecticide (Cruiser®) efficiency was evaluated using seed treatment in this study. An experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was conducted in a field in Ramhormoz city, Khuzestan province (Iran). The treatments were 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for seed treatment, 2,000 ppm of diazinon by field spraying at the wheat tillering stage, and a control. The results indicated that the average plant density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (333.58 and 333.28 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (258.28 plant/m2) and the control (182.12 plant/m2). The average ear density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (513.78 and 506.12 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (321.22 plant/m2) and the control (260.86 plant/m2). According to the present results, farmers can use 150 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for 100 kg of seeds to control this pest by seed treatment.

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming method for calculating efficiency of decision making units (DMU). In calculating the efficiency score of units through DEA we may come up with some efficient units. But the question is among these efficient units which of them is better. As we know, it is possible to rank inefficient units through efficiency score; however, for ranking efficient units it is not helpful and other methods should be developed in these regards. To obviate this problem there have been so many attempts in the literature which have their pros and cons. Cross-efficiency method was first introduced by Sexon et al. for ranking efficient units. The major problem of this method is alternative optimal solutions in each model which must be solved for each DMU. Another problem of this method is dependency of obtained solutions on the solution obtained by other units. Another method which has widely been used is super efficiency, presented by Anderson and Petersen. There are several flaws in their suggested method. Infeasibility, instability, dependency of the model on the input and output orientation and non-zero slack variables are the weaknesses of this method which may occur in specific problems. This article is an attempt to present a method which does not have the aforementioned problems and can be utilized to calculate the rank of extreme efficient units through using the Hit or Miss Monte Carlo method. At the end of the article some examples are made in order to show the efficiency of the presented method.

Background and Objective: The detection of nucleic acids using Real-Time CPR has many application. Quantitative analysis of mRNA using Real-Time PCR by Relative and Absolute methods. Widely used in biological studies. The purpose of this study was to compare the Relative and calculated PCR efficiency by standard curve and LinRegPCR methods.Subject and Methods: After sampling and extraction of RNA and cDNA synthesis, the quantitative RT-PCR was performed, then the PCR efficiency was calculated by Using the two methods of standard curve and LinRegPCR. At the end the results of the two methods were compared and analyzed.Results: The efficiency of PCR for the GAPDH, TGF-b and IL-10 genes with the standard curve method were 1.99, 1.81 and 1.87, respectively. The PCR efficiency of these three genes were 1.98, 1.82 and 1.82 by using LinRegPCR software method, respectively.Conclusion: The analysis of the data obtained from PCR proliferation of cDNA of the three genes, GAPDH, TGFb and IL-10 showed no statistical difference between standard curve and LineRegPCR methods. Therefore, it is recommended to use the LinRegPCR software method instead of the expensive standard curve method.

In this article we seek to attribute that to evaluate the effectiveness of government and political system, With reference to structural-functional systems theory to the theoretical framework. The main question in this article, is seeking for reliable indicators for the effectiveness of government from the perspective of political science. To answer this question, efficient capacities in the form of six capacities there for any government, will be discussed. Six potential monopoly of the legitimate use of force, extraction, shaping national identity, regulatory identity, maintaining internal and redistributive cohesion, in this article has been studied as indexes of government effectiveness. In this paper, our perception of efficiency can be considered as duties or common authorities in addition to great symmetry with economic understanding and management of this concept, linked with the key concept of "power" in political science. In this concept of efficiency, has been considered to the actual position of governments in countries and communities today, with an emphasis on the duties, powers and abilities as well as their expectations. This notion of efficiency, the closest and most functional conception of the concept of efficiency in political science which can be a reliable basis and theoretical framework for research on the effectiveness of the government.

AbstractIn fact, the timeliness of price discovery refers to the speed of information reflected in prices. There is no reason for the same reflection speed of all information related to the company in the stock price. Also, there is no reason for the same speed of discovering the stock price of all active companies in the market. The adjustment of the stock price is done so quickly that it is not possible to predict and earn additional profit through the available information. On the other hand, managers with higher ability are able to predict changes in economic conditions that can affect the company's activities. Also, in order to increase investors' confidence in the company, they provide them with more reliable information, so that information asymmetry is reduced. By reducing the information asymmetry, the stock price informational efficiency increases and the delay in the adjustment of the stock price decreases. Considering the importance of managers' efficiency, in this research, the effect of managers' efficiency on the stock prices information efficiency and the delay in stock price adjustments has been investigated. Using a sample of 113 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange and using multivariate regression to test the hypotheses, the results of the research show that increasing the managers' efficiency reduces the delay in stock price adjustment. In addition, the results showed a significant positive effect of managers' efficiency on the information efficiency of stock prices.